Dopaminergic related models

Amphetamine- induced stereotypy in rats
• Test for antipsychotic drug activity. D-amphetamine induced stereotyped behaviour in rats is scored after a rating scale, and these behaviour can be inhibited by classical antipsychotic drugs.
• The test is predictive for antipsychotic drugs with D2-receptor antagonism.
• Costall B and Naylor RJ (1972) Possible involvement of noradrenergic area of the amygdala with stereotyped behaviour. Life Sciences 11: 1135-1146.
  
• Apparatus : Wire cages L x W x H = 21 x 21 x 23 cm
  
• see :
  

Apomorphine induced stereotypy in rats

• Test for antipsychotic drug activity. Apomorphine induced stereotyped behaviour in rats is scored after a rating scale, and these behaviour can be inhibited by classical antipsychotic drugs. The test is predictive for antipsychotic drugs with D2-receptor antagonism.
• Costall B and Naylor RJ (1972) Possible involvement of noradrenergic area of the amygdala with with stereotyped behaviour. Life Sciences 11: 1135-1146.
  
• Apparatus : Wire cages L x W x H = 21 x 21 x 23 cm
  
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Amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity in rats

• Test for antipsychotic drugs, where D-amphetamine induced hyperactivity is measured in cages photocells recording the activity. The rats receive drug treatment 1 hour before the test, whereafter they are placed singly into the activity cages and their locomotor activity is measured for 1 hour. Antipsychotic drugs inhibit the amphetamine-induced hyperactivity. The test has been extensively validated and is used as an early screening test to detect compounds with antipsychotic potential.
  
• Apparatus : The locomotor activity is measured in photoresistor actometers (two light beams, two photoresistors, L x W x H = 40 x 40 x 25 cm).
  
• see : Activity
  

Apomorphine-induced climbing in mice

• Test for antipsychotic drugs, where apomorphine induces a climbing behaviour that can be inhibited by antipsychotic drugs. The test is standardly used for the screening of antipsychotic drugs and has good predictive validity for classical as well as atypical neuroleptics.
• Protais P, Costentin J and Schwartz JC (1976) Climbing behavior induced by apomorphine in mice: a simple test for the study of dopamine receptors in striatum. Psychopharmacology 50: 1-6.
  
• Apparatus : Cylindrical cages (12 cm in diameter, 14 cm in width) with walls made of vertical metal bars (2 mm in diameter, 1 cm apart)
  
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Glutamatergic related models

PCP-induced hyperactivity
• Under construction
  
• Apparatus :
  
• see :
  

PCP-induced bizarre patterns of locomotor activity and stereotypy in rats

• Phencyclidine (PCP) is a psychotomimetic compound that can induce a schizophrenia-like psychosis in man. In rats phencyclidine produces locomotor hyperactivity and steretyped behaviour that can be inhibited by antipsychotic drugs. These behaviours are recorded individually for rats in photobeam cages and the ability of drugs to reduce these behaviours is measured.
  
• Apparatus : Locomotor, Activity-cage or photobeam
  
• see : Activity - photobeam,and Ergometric
  

MK-801-induced bizarre patterns of locomotor activity and stereotypy in rats

• MK-801 is a phencyclidine (PCP) analogue that in rats produces locomotor hyperactivity and stereotyped behaviour which can be inhibited by antipsychotic drugs. These behaviours are recorded individually for rats in photobeam cages and the ability of drugs to reduce these behaviours is measured.
  
• Apparatus : Locomotor, Activity-cage or photobeam
  
• see : Activity - photobeam,and Ergometric
  

PCP-induced impariment of sensorimotor gating in rats

• Schizophrenic patients demonstrate deficits in the process of sensorimotor gating. Sensorimotor gating is a theoretical construct referring to the central inhibitory process by which organism filters the flow of information from its surrounding and gates its subsequent behaviour. Senorimotor gating is measured in humans and experimental animals in paradigm called prepulse induced inhibition of the acoustic startle response (PPI) which is based on the ability for a small acoustic pre-stimulus to reduce the response to a subsequent larger stimulus of the same modality. Deficits in the sensorimotor gating, seen in humans can be modelled in rats by administration of MK-801 - non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors.
• The model appears to be predictive for antipsychotic activity characteristic for atypical neuroleptics.
• M.A. Geyer, N.R. Swerdlow, R.S. Mansbach, D.L. Braff, Startle response models of sensorimotor gating and habituation deficits in schizophrenia, Brain Res. Bull. 25 (1990) 485-498.
  
• Apparatus : startle apparatus, acoustic stimuli, Photobeam cells
  
• see : Startle relfex (Response Meter), Activity-cage
  

MK-801-induced impariment of sensorimotor gating in rats

• Schizophrenic patients demonstrate deficits in the process of sensorimotor gating. Sensorimotor gating is a theoretical construct referring to the central inhibitory process by which organism filters the flow of information from its surrounding and gates its subsequent behaviour. Senorimotor gating is measured in humans and experimental animals in paradigm called prepulse induced inhibition of the acoustic startle response (PPI) which is based on the ability for a small acoustic pre-stimulus to reduce the response to a subsequent larger stimulus of the same modality. Deficits in the sensorimotor gating, seen in humans can be modelled in rats by administration of MK-801 - non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors. The model appears to be predictive for antipsychotic activity characteristic for atypical neuroleptics.
• T.A. Sipes M.A. Geyer, Multiple serotonin receptor subtypes modulate prepulse inhibition of the startle response in rats, Neuropharmacology 33 (1994) 441-448.
  
• Apparatus : startle apparatus, acoustic stimuli, Photobeam cells
  
• see : Startle relfex (Response Meter), Activity-cage
  

PCP-induced social withdrawal in the rat social interaction test

• Test for antipsychotic drugs which seems to be predictive for their effectiveness against negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Phencyclidine (PCP) can induce schizophrenic-like symptoms in man. In rats PCP causes stereotyped behaviours, hyperactivity and social withdrawal, all these behaviours can be measured in the social interaction test. The test appears to be specific for antipsychotic drugs and can distinguish between effects on the positive and negative symptoms.
• Corbett R, Camacho F, Woods, T, Kerman LL, Fishkin RJ, Brooks K, Dunn RW, Antipsychotic agents antagonise non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist-induced behaviours Psychopharmacology (1995) 120: 67-74
  
• Apparatus : Cage
  
• see : Activity - Ergometric
  

Serotonergic related models

DOI-induced impariment of sensorimotor gating in rats
• Schizophrenic patients demonstrate deficits in the process of sensorimotor gating. Sensorimotor gating is a theoretical construct referring to the central inhibitory process by which organism filters the flow of information from its surrounding and gates its subsequent behaviour. Senorimotor gating is measured in humans and experimental animals in paradigm called prepulse-induced inhibition of the acoustic startle response (PPI) which is based on the ability of small acoustic pre-stimulus to reduce the response to a subsequent larger stimulus of the same modality. Deficits in the sensorimotor gating, seen in humans can be modelled in rats by administration of DOI, an agonist of serotonin 5HT2A/2C recepotrs. The model appears to be predictive for antipsychotic activity characteristic for typical and atypical neuroleptics with strong antiserotonergic component.
  
• Apparatus : startle apparatus, acoustic stimuli, Photobeam cells
  
• see : Startle relfex (Response Meter), Activity-cage
  

Condition avoidance reflex in rats

• Test is used for screening the antipsychotic activity of drugs. Rats are trained to avoid an electric shock in an automatically controlled, two compartment shuttle box by moving from one compartment to the other during 3 s of a light conditional stimulus. If no crossings take place, the light is followed by a 3-second shock. The rats are subjected to daily session of 10 trials for 8 consecutive days. The test is performed on day 9 and two parameters are recorded: the number of conditional avoidance responses and the total waiting time of ten trials.
• Antipsychotic drugs decrease the number of conditioned avoidance responses (CAR) and prolonged the total waiting time (in relation to the mean values of both those parameters obtained on day 8). The test has been extensively validated and is used as a screening test to detect compounds with antipsychotic activity.
• Arnt J (1982) Pharmacological specificity of conditioned avoidance response inhibition in rats: inhibition by neuroleptics and correlation to dopamine receptor blockade. Acta Pharmacology and Toxicology 51: 321-329.
  
• Apparatus : two-compartment shuttle box
  
• see : Shuttle box
  

Side-effects

Neuroleptic-induced catalepsy in rats
• Test for the potential of antipsychotic drugs to cause extrapyramidal symptoms in man. Neuroleptics that can cause extrapyramidal symptoms in man produces a cataleptic state in rats characterised by immobility, body stiffness and inability to initiate movement. The test is predictive for the known neuroleptic drugs. This model is also used for screening potential antiparkinsonian activity. If the drug is able to decrease neuroleptic-induced catalepsy, it may have potential antiparkinsonian activity.
• Delini-Stula A and Morpurgo C (1968) Influence of amphetamine and scopolamine on the catalepsy induced by diencephalic lesions in rats. International Journal of Neuropharmacology 7: 391-394.
  
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