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진통작용 실험법

자극의 종류 실험법명 반응 지표 및 판정 장단점 사용동물 사용기기
압 자극   Haffer 법 소리, 물기, 발버둥의 반응이 나타나는 시간과 그 입력치 방법은 간단하지만, 약한 진통제 시험으로는 판정이 곤란함. mouse, rat 자극용 핀세트
  Randall-Selitto법 소리, 물기, 발버둥의 반응이 나타나는 시간과 그때의수치 mouse, rat의 뒷 다리에 부종을 일으켜 실험하기 때문에 약한 진통제도 검색된다. mouse Analgesic meter
(Radall-Selitto)
열 자극   열판법 발바닥을 핧거나 뛰는 행동을 나타내는 시간 강약한 진통제 검색에는 적당하지만, 약한 진통제 검색은 부적당함. mouse Hot plate
  온탕법 꼬리를 들어 올릴때 까지의시간 강약한 진통제 검색에는 적당하지만, 약한 진통제 검색은 부적당함. mouse Tem. controlled water bath
  D'Amour-Smith법
(Tail flick)		 꼬리를 피할때 까지의 시간 강약한 진통제 검색에는 적당하지만, 약한 진통제 검색은 부적당함. Mouse, Rat Tail flick
전기자극법   전기자극법 전기자극에 따른 소리, 물기, 발버등의의 반응이 나타나는 전기량 또는 일정한 전기 자극에 따른 회피시간 방법이 복잡하여 기술을 요하는 실험 rat, rabbit Electric stimulator
화학적 자극   초산법 일정한 시간에 writhing syndrome이 나타나는 횟수 복강내 투여에 따른 행동을 지표로 하기때문에 기술은 간단하지만, 진통제 이외에도 양성으로 나타나 특이성이 적다. mouse 

	

	

		  Phenylquinone법
		일정한 시간에 writhing syndrome이 나타나는 횟수
		초산법에 비하여 진통제 특이성이 있음.
		Mouse
		

	

	









Analgesics(pain)
    

	Hot-plate test in rats
      
		
    • This method, devised by N.B. Eddy and D. Leimbach,  is a well-known pain test for assessing the acute
			 heat pain sensitivity in normal rats and has been designed to perform rapid precise screening of narcotic type analgesic drugs (morphine, codeine, …). The latency of licking one of the hindpaws is measured on a 
			hot plate (52 oC, cut-off: 60 s). The increase in the latency is the measure of the antinociceptive
			 effect. The advantage of the test is that there isnt any restrain for the animals during the 
			procedure.  When a central analgesic is administered to the animals, this reaction time is markedly increased. Hot-plate is usually used for exploring supraspinal analgesic effects. The organisation of the test is mainly supraspinal. 
		
    • Yaksh, T.L. and T.A. Rudy, 1977, Studies on the direct spinal action of narcotics in the production of
		 	 analgesia in the rat,  J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 202, 411.
      
		
    • Apparatus : Thermostatically controlled metal plate 
      
		
    • see : Analgesic meter - hot plate 
    

	Carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain test in rats
      
		
    • This is a well-known pain test for assessing the thermal hyperalgesia after carrageenan-induced 
			inflammation in rats. The advantage of the test is that there isn’t any restrain for the animals 
			during the procedure.  The test is sensitive to opioids. The organisation of the test is mainly 
			spinal, although the response is influenced by supraspinal centers too.
		
    • Hargreaves, K., R. Dubner, F. Brown, C. Flores and J. Joris, 1988, A new and sensitive method for
			 measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia,  Pain 32, 77.
      
		
    • Apparatus : plexiglass testing chamber with a glass floor
      
		
    • see :  Analgesic meter - Plantar(Hargreaves'), 
    

	Paw-withdrawal test in rats
      
		
    • This is a well-known pain test for assessing the acute heat pain sensitivity in normal rats. The 
			advantage of the test is that there isn’t any restrain for the animals during the procedure. The test is 
			sensitive to opioids. The organisation of the test is mainly spinal, although the response is influenced 
			by supraspinal centers, too. 
		
    • Yaksh, T.L. and T.A. Rudy, 1976, Chronic catheterization of the spinal subarachnoidspace, 
			 Physiol.Behav. 17, 1031. 
      
		
    • Apparatus : 
      
		
    • see : Analgesic meter - 
    

	Randall-Selitto Test. 
      
		
    • This is a well-known pain test for assessing the acute physical pain sensitivity in normal rats.
		
    • Randall, L.O & Selitto, T.J.(1965)Arch. J. Pharmacodyn. 111. 409-419. 
      
		
    • Apparatus : 
      
		
    • see : Analgesic meter - Randall-Selitto. 
    

	Hot water tail-immersion test in rats
      
		
    • This is a well-known pain test for assessing the acute heat pain sensitivity in normal awake rats.
			 It measures the latency when the rat removes its tail from the hot water bath (51.5 oC, cut off 
			time: 20 s). The background of the test is a short-lasting restrain for the animals during the 
			procedure. This test is very sensitive to opioids. The organisation of the test is mainly spinal 
			although the response is influenced by supraspinal centers, too.
		
    • Janssen, P.A.J., C.J.E. Niemegeers and J.C.G. Dony, 1963, The inhibitory effect of fentanyl and other
			 morphine-like analgesics on the warm water induced tail withdrawal reflex in rats, 
			 Arzneim Forsch./Drug Res. 13, 502.
      
		
    • Apparatus : Hot water bath with electronically controlled temperature.
      
		
    •  see :  Water-bath 
    

	Hot-water tail immersion in mice
      
		
    • Test for analgesic effects, where the latency for a rat to remove its tail from a hot water bath 
			is measured. Morphine and other analgesic compounds are active in this test.
		
    • Wong et al., (1996). Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on inhibition of morphine tolerance in 
			rats: binding at mu-opioid receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology 297: 27-33.
      
		
    • Apparatus : Hot water bath with electronically controlled temperature.
      
		
    •  see :  Water-bath 
    
	Tail-pinch test
      
		
    • The “tail-pinch test” is preferentially performed on mice. A paper clip is applied to the tail root of the mouse and the latency of the biting response to the clip is measured. The pressure of the paper clip is adjusted so that the biting response of the naive mice is normally about one second. To prevent tissue damage, a cut off time of 6 sec is recommended. (Huong, N. T. T. et al, 1997) 
		
    • Apparatus : Clamp.
      
		
    •  see :  
    
	Tail-flick test in rats( D'Amour & Smith's method )
      
		
    • Test for analgesic action, where a heat stimulus produced by a light beam is applied to the tail of 
			a rat. The tail-flick latency is recorded as the time onset of stimulation to the withdrawal of
			 the tail from a light beam. Analgetics generally prolongate of tail-flick latency, and this can
			 be used as a simple screening assay for this type of compounds. Heat and cold tail flick times are useful for testing spinal analgesia. Spinal analgesia was tested by the response times to heat or cold tail flick times in a water bath at 50 or -5 °C (Hendry,  J. A. et al 2000). An infrared source can also be used focused by a parabolic mirror on the rat tail.
		
    • The classical tail flick test has been designed to perform rapid precise screening of analgesic drugs 
			on the rat tail, according to D'Amour & Smith.
		
    • D'Amour F E. and Smith D. L. (1941): A method for determining loss of pain sensation. 
			Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 72: 74-79. 
      
		
    • Apparatus : Analgesia Meter,
      
		
    • see : Analgesic meter - Tail-flick(D'Amour & Smith) 
    

	Writhing syndrome in mice
      
		
    • Test for analgesic action of a compound. A mouse is injected with a local irritant ( 0.6% acetic acid i.p after 		administration of the drug ).  The first reading (0 min) was taken and 
			the experimenter counts the number of writhing episodes. Analgetics generally decrease the number
			 of episodes, and this test is used as a simple screening assay for this type of compounds.
		
    • Turner RA. In screening methods in pharmacology. New York: Academic Press, 1965;1:27-30.
      
		
    • Hendershot L C, and Forsaith J, (1959): Antagonism of the frequency of phenylquinone-induced writing
			 in the mouse a by weak analgesic and non-analgesic. 
			Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 125: 237-240.
      
		
    • Apparatus :none 
    

	Plantar Test ( Hargreaves' Method )
      
		
    • It basically consists of a movable infrared generator which the operator glides below a glass pane upon
			 which the rats are deposited in a 3-compartment Perspex enclosure. 
      
		
    • Apparatus :  chamber for planter
      
		
    • see : Analgesic - Plantar(Hargreaves')  
    	

	Plantar Von Frey 
      
		
    • By using a peripheral neuropathy model (chronic pain) in rats, the mechanical allodynia (von Frey test) and thermal hyperalgesia is performed to evaluate compounds with potential analgesic activity.  The analgesic effect of drugs and other types of compounds can be measured with the system.
      
		
    • Apparatus : 
      
		
    • see : Von-Frey or Dynamic Plantar Aesthesiometer  
    
	Electrical : Pododolorimeter method 
      
		
    • Pododolorimeter method of Charlier et a1. Techno aggressometer with partition removed was used to administer the shock  ( 1 Hz, 25V, 25msec.) .
      
		
    • Charlier R, Prost M, Binon F, Deltour G. Etude pharmacologique d’un antitouesif: le fumarate de phenethyl
		(propyne-2yc)-4 propionoxy- 4-piperindene. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Therap 1961:134:326-32.
		
    • Apparatus : eletric stimulator
      
		
    • see :